Palavras-chave:
Caballo, criopreservación, crioprotector, descongelación de semen.Resumo
La congelación del semen permite conservar y almacenar material genético por largos periodos de tiempo. La inseminación artificial con semen congelado, es una herramienta importante en la utilización de sementales de genética superior; uno de los problemas del semen equino son los eyaculados con baja motilidad y alto porcentaje de espermatozoides con anormalidades; de igual manera, se observan diferencias en la calidad del eyaculado entre individuos, razón por la cual, solo un bajo porcentaje de sementales responden bien a la congelación. Las principales causas de la pobre respuesta a la congelación son: el crioprotector empleado, la permeabilidad de la membrana espermática, la carga microbiológica en el eyaculado, factores genéticos y otros factores que no son claros y se continúan investigando. Durante el proceso de congelación, el espermatozoide se ve expuesto a variaciones en temperatura y osmolaridad, lo cual trae como consecuencia la formación de cristales de hielo, provocando alteraciones en la motilidad y viabilidad. Las dos principales causas de disminución en la calidad seminal, en procesos de congelación, son el daño en la estructura de membrana y el estrés osmótico, lo cual ocasiona incremento en la permeabilidad de la membrana y con ello entrada de agua, iones y crioprotectores. Los porcentajes de preñez varían entre 30 y 70 %, los resultados dependen principalmente de la respuesta del eyaculado a la congelación. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo reconocer los diferentes factores fisiológicos, técnicas de congelación y tendencias de investigación, con el propósito de mejorar los resultados en el proceso de conservación seminal.
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