Keywords:
Feeding, Feed conversion, Feed efficiency, Weight gainAbstract
Thyme (Thymus-vulgaris L.) is a plant of the Labiatae family which, besides to being used as a means to preserve and improve the flavor of food, its extract is used as an inhibitor of fungi and pathogenic bacteria in order to improve the efficiency of the digestive tract, considering this plant as a good alternative in animal feed to improve the productive performance. This is why the objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of Thymus vulgaris L. on the productive parameters of Broilers. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a farm located in Villa de Leyva (Boyacá), for a term of 42 days, 120 male chickens from the Cobb line were used, divided into a completely random design, with three treatments, five repetitions and eight birds per repetition. Treatment 1 (T1) was determined as control and its base feeding was a commercial balanced feed; treatment 2 (T2) and three (T3), to the balanced feed was added 3% and 5% of dried thyme and 5%, respectively. The data of daily weight gain, feed conversion and nutritional efficiency were evaluated by Anova and the statistical differences between treatments by the Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. As a result, no statistically significant differences were found between treatments (p> 0.05) for weight gain and final weight. However, the T3 treatment, with an efficiency of 0.35 and a feed conversion of 2.54, showed the best performance in relation to T1 and T2. It was evidenced that the productive performance in terms of the weight gain of the birds, is not affected by including dried thyme in the diet of the animals. Keywords: feeding, feed conversion, feed efficiency, weight gain.
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References
ABBASZADEH, S., SHARIFZADEH, A., SHOKRI, H., KHOSRAVI, A. R., & ABBASZADEH, A. 2014. Antifungal efficacy of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and menthol as alternative agents to control the growth of food-relevant fungi. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 24 (2), e51-e56.
ADAM, K., SIVROPOULOU, A., KOKKINI, S., LANARAS, T., & ARSENAKIS, M. 1998. Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare ssp. Hirtum, Menthaspicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human patho- genic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (46): 1739-1745.
AFSHAR-OROMIEH, A., HABERKORN, U., EDER, M., EISENHUT, M., & ZECHMANN, C. M. (2012). [68 Ga] Gallium-labelled PSMA ligand as superior PET tracer for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: comparison with 18 F-FECH. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 39 (6): 1085-1086.
AL-SHAMI, M. A., SALIH, M. E., & ABBAS, T. E. 2011. Effects of dietary inclusion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaf meal and Xylan enzyme on laying hens' performance and egg quality. Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (1): 14-18.
AMAD, A. A., MÄNNER, K., WENDLER, K. R., NEUMANN, K., & ZENTEK, J. 2011. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 90 (12): 2811-2816.
AMAD, A. A., WENDLER, K. R., & ZENTEK, J. 2013. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance, selected blood criteria and jejunal morphology in broiler chickens. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 25 (7): 549-554.
BARTON, M.D. 2000. Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutrition Research Reviews 13 (2): 279-299.
BÖLÜKBAŞI, Ş. C., & ERHAN, M. K. (2007). Effect of Dietary Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on Laying Hens Performance and Escherichia coli (E. coli) Concentration in Feces. International Journal of Natural & Engineering Sciences 1(2): 55-58.
BRENES, A., & ROURA, E. (2010). Essential oils in poultry nutrition: Main effects and modes of action. Animal Feed Science and Technology 158 (1): 1-14. CALISLAR, S., GEMCI, I., & KAMALAK, A. 2009. Effects of Orego-Stim® on broiler chick performance and some blood parameters. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8: 2617-2620.
CASTILLEJOS, L., CALSAMIGLIA, S., & FERRET, A. 2006. Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. Journal of Dairy Science 89 (7): 2649-2658.
CIFTCI, M., GULER, T., SİMSEK, U. G., ERTAS, O. N., DALKILIC, B., & BICER, Z. 2009. The effect of Thymus vulgaris L. oil as growth promoter in broilers. Indian Veterinary Journal 86 (9): 930-932.
CASTRO, M. 2005. Uso de aditivos en la alimentación de monogástricos. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola 39: 451-457.
CARRIÓN, C., & PAÚL, F. (2013). Evaluación de tres niveles de aceite de orégano (regano 500) como promotor de crecimiento en la producción de pollos parrilleros en el cantón Loja (Bachelor's thesis).
CHIKHOUNE, A., STOUVENEL, L., IGUER-OUADA, M., HAZZIT, M., SCHMITT, A., LORÈS, P., WOLF, J.P., AISSAT, K., AUGER, J., VAIMAN, D. & TOURÉ, A. 2015. In-vitro effects of Thymus munbyanus essential oil and thymol on human sperm motility and function. Reproductive biomedicine online 31 (3): 411-420.
FALCÃO-E-CUNHA, L., CASTROS OLLA, L., MAERTENS, L., MARUUNEK, M., PINHEIRO, V., FREIRE, J., & MOURÃO, J.L. 2007. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in rabbit feeding: a review. World Rabbit Science (15): 127-140.
HARO GONZÁLEZ, M. D. P. D. (2015). Efecto de los aceites esenciales de plantas aromático-medicinales en la fase de transición de animales monogástricos.
HERNÁNDEZ, F., MADRID, J., GARCÍA, V., ORENGO, J., & MEGIAS, M.D. 2004. Influence of Two Plant Extracts on Broilers Performance, Digestibility, and Digestive Organ Size. Poultry Science (83): 169-174.
HASELMEYER, A., ZENTEK, J., & CHIZZOLA, R. 2015. Effects of thyme as a feed additive in broiler chickens on thymol in gut contents, blood plasma, liver and muscle. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95(3): 504-508.
HOFFMAN-PENNESI, D., & WU, C. 2010. The effect of thymol and thyme oilfee d supplementation on growth performance, serum antioxidant levels, and cecal Salmonella population in broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 19: 432-443.
KALANTAR, M., REZAEI, M., SALARY, J., & HEMATI- MATIN, H. R. 2014. Thymus vulgaris L., Glycyrrhiza glabra or Combo® enzyme in corn vs. barley-based broiler diets. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2 (12): 993-997.
LARA, P. E., ITZÁ-ORTIZ, M. F., AGULIAR, U.E., & SANGINÉS, G.J.R. 2010. Harina de hojas de plantas aromáticas como promotores del crecimiento en pollos de engorda. Pesq. agropec. bras. 45 (3): 294-298.
LEE, K. W., EVERTS, H., KAPPERT, H. J, YEOM, K. H., & BEYNEN, A. C. 2003. Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12 (4): 394-399.
LANGHOUT, P. 2005. Alternativas ao uso de quimioterápicos na dieta de aves: a visão da indústria e recentes avanços. In: Conferência Apinco de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícolas, Santos, SP. Anais. Santos: Apinco 22: 21-33.
LEITE, P.R., RODRÍGUEZ, M.F., RODRIGUESL, P.M., D'AVILA, H.J., & RIBEIRO, L. M. J. 2012. Aditivos fitogênicos em rações de frangos. Enciclopédia Biosfera, Centro Científico Conhecer, Goiânia, 8 (15): 9.
MCPHEE, C. S., ANDERSON, K. L., YEATTS, J. L., MASON, S. E., BARLOW, B. M., & BAYNES, R. E. (2011). Hot topic: Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment. Journal of dairy science 94 (4): 1738-1743.
MURCIA, J., & HOYOS, I. 2003. Características y aplicaciones de las plantas. Disponible en: http://www.zonaverde.net/origanumvulgare.htm. Accesado en: 06/12/2015.
OCAK, N., ERENER, G., BURAK AK, F., SUNGU, M., ALTOP, A., & OZMEN, A. 2008. Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves as growth promoter source. Czech Journal of Animal Science 53 (4): 169-175.
RAHIMI, S., TEYMORI ZADEH, Z., TORSHIZI, K., OMIDBAIGI, R., & ROKNI, H. (2011). Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 13: 527-539.
SAKI, A.A., KALANTAR, M., & KHORAMABADI, V. 2014. Effects of Drinking Thyme Essence (Thymus vulgaris L.) on Growth Performance, Immune Response and Intestinal Selected Bacterial Population in Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science Journal 2 (2): 113-123.
SANTURIO, J. M., SANTURIO, D. F., POZZATI, P., MORAES, C., FRANCHIN, P. R., & ALVES, S. H. 2007. Atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de orégano, tomilho e canela frente a sorovares de Salmonella entérica de origem avícola. Ciência Rural 37 (3): 803-808.
SOURI, H., KHATIBJOO, A., TAHERPOOR, K., HASSAN ABADI, A., FATTAHNIA, F., & ASKARI, M. 2015. Effect of Thymus vulgaris and Satureja khuzestanica ethanolic extracts on broiler chickens' performance and immune response. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 5 (2): 437-446.
TOGHYANI, M., TOHIDI, M., GHEISARI, A. A., & TABEIDIAN, S. A. 2010. Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. African Journalof Biotechnology 9 (40): 6819-6825.
SI, W., NI, X., GONG, J., YU, H., TSAO, R., HAN, Y., & CHAMBERS, J. R. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives towards Clostridium perfringens. Journal of applied microbiology 106 (1): 213-220.
WINDISCH, W., SCHEDLE, K, PLITZNER, C., & KROISMAYR, A. 2007. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science 86 (14): E140-E148.
ADAM, K., SIVROPOULOU, A., KOKKINI, S., LANARAS, T., & ARSENAKIS, M. 1998. Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare ssp. Hirtum, Menthaspicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human patho- genic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (46): 1739-1745.
AFSHAR-OROMIEH, A., HABERKORN, U., EDER, M., EISENHUT, M., & ZECHMANN, C. M. (2012). [68 Ga] Gallium-labelled PSMA ligand as superior PET tracer for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: comparison with 18 F-FECH. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 39 (6): 1085-1086.
AL-SHAMI, M. A., SALIH, M. E., & ABBAS, T. E. 2011. Effects of dietary inclusion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaf meal and Xylan enzyme on laying hens' performance and egg quality. Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (1): 14-18.
AMAD, A. A., MÄNNER, K., WENDLER, K. R., NEUMANN, K., & ZENTEK, J. 2011. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 90 (12): 2811-2816.
AMAD, A. A., WENDLER, K. R., & ZENTEK, J. 2013. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance, selected blood criteria and jejunal morphology in broiler chickens. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 25 (7): 549-554.
BARTON, M.D. 2000. Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutrition Research Reviews 13 (2): 279-299.
BÖLÜKBAŞI, Ş. C., & ERHAN, M. K. (2007). Effect of Dietary Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on Laying Hens Performance and Escherichia coli (E. coli) Concentration in Feces. International Journal of Natural & Engineering Sciences 1(2): 55-58.
BRENES, A., & ROURA, E. (2010). Essential oils in poultry nutrition: Main effects and modes of action. Animal Feed Science and Technology 158 (1): 1-14. CALISLAR, S., GEMCI, I., & KAMALAK, A. 2009. Effects of Orego-Stim® on broiler chick performance and some blood parameters. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8: 2617-2620.
CASTILLEJOS, L., CALSAMIGLIA, S., & FERRET, A. 2006. Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. Journal of Dairy Science 89 (7): 2649-2658.
CIFTCI, M., GULER, T., SİMSEK, U. G., ERTAS, O. N., DALKILIC, B., & BICER, Z. 2009. The effect of Thymus vulgaris L. oil as growth promoter in broilers. Indian Veterinary Journal 86 (9): 930-932.
CASTRO, M. 2005. Uso de aditivos en la alimentación de monogástricos. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola 39: 451-457.
CARRIÓN, C., & PAÚL, F. (2013). Evaluación de tres niveles de aceite de orégano (regano 500) como promotor de crecimiento en la producción de pollos parrilleros en el cantón Loja (Bachelor's thesis).
CHIKHOUNE, A., STOUVENEL, L., IGUER-OUADA, M., HAZZIT, M., SCHMITT, A., LORÈS, P., WOLF, J.P., AISSAT, K., AUGER, J., VAIMAN, D. & TOURÉ, A. 2015. In-vitro effects of Thymus munbyanus essential oil and thymol on human sperm motility and function. Reproductive biomedicine online 31 (3): 411-420.
FALCÃO-E-CUNHA, L., CASTROS OLLA, L., MAERTENS, L., MARUUNEK, M., PINHEIRO, V., FREIRE, J., & MOURÃO, J.L. 2007. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in rabbit feeding: a review. World Rabbit Science (15): 127-140.
HARO GONZÁLEZ, M. D. P. D. (2015). Efecto de los aceites esenciales de plantas aromático-medicinales en la fase de transición de animales monogástricos.
HERNÁNDEZ, F., MADRID, J., GARCÍA, V., ORENGO, J., & MEGIAS, M.D. 2004. Influence of Two Plant Extracts on Broilers Performance, Digestibility, and Digestive Organ Size. Poultry Science (83): 169-174.
HASELMEYER, A., ZENTEK, J., & CHIZZOLA, R. 2015. Effects of thyme as a feed additive in broiler chickens on thymol in gut contents, blood plasma, liver and muscle. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95(3): 504-508.
HOFFMAN-PENNESI, D., & WU, C. 2010. The effect of thymol and thyme oilfee d supplementation on growth performance, serum antioxidant levels, and cecal Salmonella population in broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 19: 432-443.
KALANTAR, M., REZAEI, M., SALARY, J., & HEMATI- MATIN, H. R. 2014. Thymus vulgaris L., Glycyrrhiza glabra or Combo® enzyme in corn vs. barley-based broiler diets. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2 (12): 993-997.
LARA, P. E., ITZÁ-ORTIZ, M. F., AGULIAR, U.E., & SANGINÉS, G.J.R. 2010. Harina de hojas de plantas aromáticas como promotores del crecimiento en pollos de engorda. Pesq. agropec. bras. 45 (3): 294-298.
LEE, K. W., EVERTS, H., KAPPERT, H. J, YEOM, K. H., & BEYNEN, A. C. 2003. Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12 (4): 394-399.
LANGHOUT, P. 2005. Alternativas ao uso de quimioterápicos na dieta de aves: a visão da indústria e recentes avanços. In: Conferência Apinco de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícolas, Santos, SP. Anais. Santos: Apinco 22: 21-33.
LEITE, P.R., RODRÍGUEZ, M.F., RODRIGUESL, P.M., D'AVILA, H.J., & RIBEIRO, L. M. J. 2012. Aditivos fitogênicos em rações de frangos. Enciclopédia Biosfera, Centro Científico Conhecer, Goiânia, 8 (15): 9.
MCPHEE, C. S., ANDERSON, K. L., YEATTS, J. L., MASON, S. E., BARLOW, B. M., & BAYNES, R. E. (2011). Hot topic: Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment. Journal of dairy science 94 (4): 1738-1743.
MURCIA, J., & HOYOS, I. 2003. Características y aplicaciones de las plantas. Disponible en: http://www.zonaverde.net/origanumvulgare.htm. Accesado en: 06/12/2015.
OCAK, N., ERENER, G., BURAK AK, F., SUNGU, M., ALTOP, A., & OZMEN, A. 2008. Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves as growth promoter source. Czech Journal of Animal Science 53 (4): 169-175.
RAHIMI, S., TEYMORI ZADEH, Z., TORSHIZI, K., OMIDBAIGI, R., & ROKNI, H. (2011). Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 13: 527-539.
SAKI, A.A., KALANTAR, M., & KHORAMABADI, V. 2014. Effects of Drinking Thyme Essence (Thymus vulgaris L.) on Growth Performance, Immune Response and Intestinal Selected Bacterial Population in Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science Journal 2 (2): 113-123.
SANTURIO, J. M., SANTURIO, D. F., POZZATI, P., MORAES, C., FRANCHIN, P. R., & ALVES, S. H. 2007. Atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de orégano, tomilho e canela frente a sorovares de Salmonella entérica de origem avícola. Ciência Rural 37 (3): 803-808.
SOURI, H., KHATIBJOO, A., TAHERPOOR, K., HASSAN ABADI, A., FATTAHNIA, F., & ASKARI, M. 2015. Effect of Thymus vulgaris and Satureja khuzestanica ethanolic extracts on broiler chickens' performance and immune response. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 5 (2): 437-446.
TOGHYANI, M., TOHIDI, M., GHEISARI, A. A., & TABEIDIAN, S. A. 2010. Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. African Journalof Biotechnology 9 (40): 6819-6825.
SI, W., NI, X., GONG, J., YU, H., TSAO, R., HAN, Y., & CHAMBERS, J. R. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives towards Clostridium perfringens. Journal of applied microbiology 106 (1): 213-220.
WINDISCH, W., SCHEDLE, K, PLITZNER, C., & KROISMAYR, A. 2007. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science 86 (14): E140-E148.
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Published
2015-11-30
How to Cite
Bautista Franco, C., González Torres, Y. O., & Torres Neira, O. L. (2015). ASSESSMENT OF THE PRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKENS WITH THE INCLUSION OF THYME (Thymus-vulgaris L.) IN THEIR DIET. Conexión Agropecuaria JDC, 5(2), 41–50. Retrieved from https://jdc-ojs.vobomkt.com/index.php/conexagro/article/view/558
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Artículos de investigación Científica y tecnológica
