Keywords:
etiology, histopathology, neoplasia, tumorigenesisAbstract
The mammary gland, except for the skin, is the most common site for presentation of neoplasms in females; It is between 25 and 50 % of the overall presentation of these cases and 82 % of the reproductive tract. It is the most common malignant tumor and of these, about 50 % are benign and 50% are malignant. This is more common in females (97-100 %) than in males (0-3 %) and no hysterectomized elder females are more susceptible with increased caudal glands presentation, because it has more number of cells sensitive to tumor transformation.
Early hysterectomy has a protective effect for the development of tumorigenesis; if performed after two and a half years of life this protective effect is almost null. The diagnostic method of choice is the histopathological study, as many people (owner, students and veterinarians) at observing the breast mass, immediately diagnose as a breast tumor, without previous studies (especially pathological). The treatment of choice is surgical resection, except for inflammatory carcinomas, this procedure is curative in 50 % of patients with malignant breast tumors. Finally, the prognosis depends on the tumor stage as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). The aim of this is to perform a literature review concerning etiology, clinical examination, diagnosis, classification and treatment traditionally used in the mammary gland neoplasms.
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References
ALLEMAN, A. 2000. Diagnosing neoplasia, the cytologic criteria for malignancy. Vet. Med. 3: 204 - 223.
BENJAMIN, S. A, LEE, A. C. & SAUNDERS, W. J. 1999. Clasification and behavior of canine mammary epithelial neoplasm based on lifespan observations. Vet. Pathol. 36: 423-436.
BERGMAN, P. 2007. Mammary gland tumors. In: The Latin American Veterinary Conference, Lima: LAVT. Disponible en http://www.ivis.org/ proceedings/lavc/2007/bergman2.pdf. Accesado en
3/04/2014.
BIRCHAD, S. J. 1995. Definitive surgical treatment for cancer. Kirks current veterinary therapy XII Small Animal Practice: J. D Bonagura. Wb Saunders Philadelphia. 462-464.
BLOOM, F. 1954. Pathology of the dog and cat. ED., American Veterinary Publication Inc. USA. 403pp.
BOSTOCK, D. 1985. Canine and feline mammary neoplasms. Br. Vet. J. 15: 1031- 1038.
BOSTOK, F. & OWEN, L. 1975. The mammary glands, neoplastic in the cay, dog and horse. ED., Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd. England. 54pp.
BOSTOCK, D. 1992. Correlation between histologic diagnoses mean nucleolar organizer region count and prognosis in canine mammary tumors. Vet. Pathol. 29 (5): 381-385.
CASTELLANOS, M. & DIESSLER, M. 2001. Tumores mamarios en canino. Selecciones Veterinarias 9 (3): 302 – 309.
CROSSLEY, R., COLOMA, A., RÍOS, C. & GONZÁLEZ, C. 2010. Determinación de proteína C - reactiva en hembras caninas con tumores mamarios benignos y malignos. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria
42 (1):101-105. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/ scielo.php?pid=S0301-732X2010000100 014&script=sci_arttext. Accesado en 08/04/2014.
EHRHART, N. 2001. Treatment of mammary tumors and other tumors of the reproductive system. The North America Veterinary Conference 9: 345-346.
ETTINGER, S. & FELDMAN, E. 2007. Tratado de medicina interna veterinaria: enfermedades en el perro y el gato. ED., Inter – Médica. Argentina. 788pp.
EŽERSKYTĖ, A., ZAMOKAS, G. & GRIGONIS, A. 2011. The retrospective analysis of mammary tumors in dogs. Vet Med. Zoot. 53 (75): 3-8.
FERGUSON, R. 1985. Canine mammary gland tumors. The veterinary clinics of North America: Small animal practice 15 (3): 501.
GLASSPOOL, R.M. & EVANS, T. R. 2000. Clinical imaging of cancer metastasis. Eur J. Cancer 36 (13): 248-249.
GOBELLO, C. & CORRADA, Y. 2001. Canine mammary tumors: An endocrine clinical approach. Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian 23 (8): 705.
GOLDSCHMIDT, M., PENA, L., RASOTTO, R. & ZAPPULLI. V. 2011. Classification and grading of canine mammary tumors. Veterinary Pathology 48: 117-131.
GRAHAM, J. C. & MYERS, R. K. 2000. The prognosis significance of angiogenesis in canine mammary tumors. J. Vet. Med. 14 (3): 248-249.
GUTZMAN, J., MILLER, K. & SCHULER, L. 2004. Endugenous human prolactin and not exogenous human prolactin induces estrogen receptor alfa and prolactin receptor expression and increases estrogen responsiveness in breast cancer cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1: 69-77.
HAHN, K. A. 1992. Canine malignant mammary neoplasis. Biologic behavior, diagnosis and treatment alternatives. JAAHA 28: 251-256.
HAMPE, J. & MISDORP., W. 1974. Tumours and dysplasias of the mammary gland. Bull WHO 50:111-133. Disponible en http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2481221/pdf/bullwho00164-0116.pdf. Accesado en 10/04/2014.
HELLMÉN, E., BERGSTRÖM, R., HOLMBERG, L., SPÅNGBERG, I.-B., HANSSON, K., & LINDGREN, A. 1993. Prognostic factors in canine mammary tumors: A multivariate study of 202 consecutive cases. Veterinary Pathology 30 (8): 20-27.
HELLMEN, E. & SVENSSON, S. 1995. Progression of canine mammary tumors as reflected by dna ploydy in primary tumours and their metastases. J. Com Pathol 113 (4): 327-342.
HERMO, G., GARCÍA, M., TORRES, P. & GOBELLO, C. 2005. Tumores de mama en la perra. Ciencias Veterinarias 4 (1): 1.
IM, K., KIM, N., LIM, H., KIM, H., SHIM, J. & SUR, J. 2014. Analysis of a New Histological and Molecular-Based Classification of Canine Mammary Neoplasia. Veterinary Pathology 51(3): 549-559.
KARAYANNOPOULOU, M., KALDRYMIDOU, E., CONSTANTINIDIS, T. C. & DESSIRIS, A. 2001. Adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy in bitches with mammary cancer. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 48(2): 85-96.
KLOPFLEISCH, R., LENZE, D., HUMMEL, M. & GRUBER, A. 2010. Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles. BioMedCentral Cancer 10 (618): 11pp. Disponible en http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2407-10-618.pdf, Accesado en 11/04/2014.
KRISTIANSEN, V., NODTVEDT, A., BREEN, A., LANGELAND, M., TEIGE, J., GOLDSCHMIDT, M., JONASDOTTIR, T., GROTMOL, T. & SORENMO, K. 2013. Effect of ovariohysterectomy at the time of tumor removal in dogs with benign mammary tumors and hyperplastic lesions: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J. Vet Intern Med 27 (4): 935-42.
LANGENBAHC, A. 2001. Sensitivity and specifity of methods of assessing the regional methods for evidence of metastasis in dogs and cats with solid tumors. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 218(9): 1424-1428.
LORENZOVÁ, J., CRHA, M., KECOVA, H., URBANOVÁ, L., STAVINOHOVÁ, R. & NEČAS, A. 2010. Patient survival periods and death causes following surgical treatment of mammary gland tumors depending on histological type of tumor: retrospective study of 221 cases. ACTA VET 79: 289-297.
LLEONART, M.E, MARTÍN-DUQUE, P., SÁNCHEZ-PRIETO, R., MORENO, A., RAMÓN, Y. & CAJAL S. 2000. Tumor heterogeneity: morphological, molecular and clinical implications. Histol histopathol 15: 881-898
MEUTEN, J. 2002. Tumors in domestic animals. ED., Iowa State Press. USA. 575pp.
MISDORP, W. 1991. Progestagens and mammary tumours in dog and cat. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 125(1): 27-31.
MORGAN, R. 1999. Clínica de pequeños animales. ED., Harcourt Brace. España. 618pp.
MORRIS, J. & DOBSON, J. 2001. Small animal oncology. ED., Blackwell science Ltd. University of Cambridge. Inglaterra. 165pp.
NOVASAD, A. C. 2003. Principles of treatment for mammary gland tumors. Clin. Tech in Small Anim. Pract. 18(2): 107-109.
NELSON, R. & COUTO, C. 2010. Medicina interna de pequeños animales. ED., ElSevier Mosby. España. 947pp.
NICOL, M., WILLIS, C. & YIANGOU, C. 2002. Relationship between serum prolactin levels and histology of benign and malignant breast lesions a detailed study of 153 consecutive cases. Breast J. 8(5): 281- 285.
NOVASAD, A. 2003. Principles of treatment for mammary gland tumors. Clinc Tech in Small Anim Pract 18(2): 107- 109.
OWEN, L. 1980. TNM. Classification of tumors in domestic animals. ED World Health Organization. Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Geneva. 53pp.
PAGE, R. 2001. Correlation of prognosis with histologic assessment for canine and feline mammary cancer. The North America Veterinary Conference 15: 370-372.
PÉREZ -ALENZA, M. D. 1998. Relation between habitual diet and canine mammary tumors in case-control study. J Vet Intern Med 12: 132-139.
PÉREZ ALENZA, M. D., PENA, L., DEL CASTILLO, N. & NIETO, A. I. 2000. Factors influencing the incidence and prognosis of canine mammary tumors. J. Small Anim. Pract. 41: 287-291.
QUEIROGA, F. L., PEREZ-ALENZA, M. D., SILVAN, G., PENA, L., LOPES, C. & ILLERA, J. C. 2005. Role of steroid hormones and prolactin in canine mammary cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 94 (1–3):181-187.
ROSTAMI, M., TATE, Y., UCHIDA, K., NAITOU, H., YAMAGUCHI, R. & OTSUKA, H. 1994. Tumors in domestic animals examined during a ten year period (1980-1989) at Miyazaki University. J. Vet. Med. 56: 403 - 405.
SALGADO, B., MONTEIRO, L., CLODEL, M., FIGUEIROA, F., SOAREAS, L., NONOGAKI, D., ROCHA, R. & ROCHA, N. 2013. Clinical, cytologic, and histologic features of a mammary micropapillary carcinoma in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol. 42 (3): 382-385.
SÁNCHEZ, F. 2005. Incidencia, clasificación y terapéutica de los tumores mamarios en caninos. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Tesis. Colombia, 22pp.
SARTIN E. A. 1992. Estrogen and progesterone receptor status of mammary carcinomas and correlation with clinical outcome in dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53(1): 2196-2200.
SHAFIEE, R., JAVANBAKHT, J., ATYABI, N., KHERADMAND, P., KHERADMAND, D., BAHRAMI, A., DARAEI, H. & KHADIVAR, F. 2013. Diagnosis, classification and grading of canine mammary tumours as a model to study human breast cancer: a Clinico- Cytohistopathological study with environmental factors influencing public health and medicine. Cancer Cell Int. 13(1): 79.
SORENMO K. 2003. Canine mammary gland tumors. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small. Anim. Pract. 33(3): 573-596.
SORENMO, K. 2011. Canine mammary tumors: treatment, prognostic factors and outcome. In: Proceedings of the 36th
World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA. Korea. Disponible en http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/wsava/2011/188.pdf. Accesado en 13/04/2014.
SORENMO, K., SHOFER, F. & GOLDSCHMIDT, M. 2000. Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival in dogs with malignant mammary epithelial tumors. J. Vet. Int. Med. 14: 266-270.
TANAKA, T., SHIMADA, T., AKIYOSHI, H., SHIMIZU, J., ZHENG, C., YIYUN, L., MIE, K., HAYASHI, A., KUWAMURA, M., HOSHI, F. & OHASHI, F. 2013. Relationship between major histocompatibility complex
class I expression and prognosis in canine mammary gland tumors. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 75(10): 1393-8.
TAVASOLY, A., GOLSHAHIL, H., REZAIE, A. & FARHABI, M. 2013. Classification and grading of canine malignant mammary tumors. Veterinary Research Forum 4(1): 25-30.
THRALL, D. 2009. Tratado de diagnóstico radiológico veterinario. ED., Inter – Médica. Argentina. 864pp.
TIZARD, I. 1996. Inmunología veterinaria. ED., McGraw Hill Interamericana. México. 355pp.
TONITI, W., BURANASINSUP, S., KONGCHAROEN, A., CHAROONRUT, P., PUCHADAPIROM, P. & KASORNDORKBUA, C. 2009. Immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors in canine mammary tumors. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 10(5): 907-911.
TORRES, G. & ESLAVA, P. R. 2007. Tumores mamarios en caninos: Adenocarcinoma complejo de glándula mamaria con metástasis a ganglio linfático regional. Orinoquia 11(1): 99-110. Disponible en http://www.redalyc. org/articulo.oa?id=89611111. Accesado en 15/04/2014.
TRIGO, F. 1998. Patología sistemática veterinaria. ED., McGraw Hill Interamericana. México. 355pp.
WALDRON, D.R. 2001. Diagnosis and surgical management of mammary neoplasia in dogs and cats. Vet. Med. 96: 943-948.
WELCH, T. 1997. Small animal surgery. ED., Mosby–Year Book Inc. USA. 583pp.
ZILLER, H. 2004. Clasificación histopatológica de tumores mamarios caninos extraídos en clínicas veterinarias de la ciudad de Santiago, Chile. Universidad Austral de Chile. Tesis. Chile. 65 pp.
Disponible en http://cybertesis.uach.cl/tesis/uach/2004/fvz.69c/doc/fvz.69c.pdf. Accesado en 06/03/2014.
ZACHARY F. & MCGAVIN D. 2012. Pathologic basis of Veterinary Disease., ED, Elsevier, USA. 196pp.
BENJAMIN, S. A, LEE, A. C. & SAUNDERS, W. J. 1999. Clasification and behavior of canine mammary epithelial neoplasm based on lifespan observations. Vet. Pathol. 36: 423-436.
BERGMAN, P. 2007. Mammary gland tumors. In: The Latin American Veterinary Conference, Lima: LAVT. Disponible en http://www.ivis.org/ proceedings/lavc/2007/bergman2.pdf. Accesado en
3/04/2014.
BIRCHAD, S. J. 1995. Definitive surgical treatment for cancer. Kirks current veterinary therapy XII Small Animal Practice: J. D Bonagura. Wb Saunders Philadelphia. 462-464.
BLOOM, F. 1954. Pathology of the dog and cat. ED., American Veterinary Publication Inc. USA. 403pp.
BOSTOCK, D. 1985. Canine and feline mammary neoplasms. Br. Vet. J. 15: 1031- 1038.
BOSTOK, F. & OWEN, L. 1975. The mammary glands, neoplastic in the cay, dog and horse. ED., Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd. England. 54pp.
BOSTOCK, D. 1992. Correlation between histologic diagnoses mean nucleolar organizer region count and prognosis in canine mammary tumors. Vet. Pathol. 29 (5): 381-385.
CASTELLANOS, M. & DIESSLER, M. 2001. Tumores mamarios en canino. Selecciones Veterinarias 9 (3): 302 – 309.
CROSSLEY, R., COLOMA, A., RÍOS, C. & GONZÁLEZ, C. 2010. Determinación de proteína C - reactiva en hembras caninas con tumores mamarios benignos y malignos. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria
42 (1):101-105. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/ scielo.php?pid=S0301-732X2010000100 014&script=sci_arttext. Accesado en 08/04/2014.
EHRHART, N. 2001. Treatment of mammary tumors and other tumors of the reproductive system. The North America Veterinary Conference 9: 345-346.
ETTINGER, S. & FELDMAN, E. 2007. Tratado de medicina interna veterinaria: enfermedades en el perro y el gato. ED., Inter – Médica. Argentina. 788pp.
EŽERSKYTĖ, A., ZAMOKAS, G. & GRIGONIS, A. 2011. The retrospective analysis of mammary tumors in dogs. Vet Med. Zoot. 53 (75): 3-8.
FERGUSON, R. 1985. Canine mammary gland tumors. The veterinary clinics of North America: Small animal practice 15 (3): 501.
GLASSPOOL, R.M. & EVANS, T. R. 2000. Clinical imaging of cancer metastasis. Eur J. Cancer 36 (13): 248-249.
GOBELLO, C. & CORRADA, Y. 2001. Canine mammary tumors: An endocrine clinical approach. Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian 23 (8): 705.
GOLDSCHMIDT, M., PENA, L., RASOTTO, R. & ZAPPULLI. V. 2011. Classification and grading of canine mammary tumors. Veterinary Pathology 48: 117-131.
GRAHAM, J. C. & MYERS, R. K. 2000. The prognosis significance of angiogenesis in canine mammary tumors. J. Vet. Med. 14 (3): 248-249.
GUTZMAN, J., MILLER, K. & SCHULER, L. 2004. Endugenous human prolactin and not exogenous human prolactin induces estrogen receptor alfa and prolactin receptor expression and increases estrogen responsiveness in breast cancer cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1: 69-77.
HAHN, K. A. 1992. Canine malignant mammary neoplasis. Biologic behavior, diagnosis and treatment alternatives. JAAHA 28: 251-256.
HAMPE, J. & MISDORP., W. 1974. Tumours and dysplasias of the mammary gland. Bull WHO 50:111-133. Disponible en http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2481221/pdf/bullwho00164-0116.pdf. Accesado en 10/04/2014.
HELLMÉN, E., BERGSTRÖM, R., HOLMBERG, L., SPÅNGBERG, I.-B., HANSSON, K., & LINDGREN, A. 1993. Prognostic factors in canine mammary tumors: A multivariate study of 202 consecutive cases. Veterinary Pathology 30 (8): 20-27.
HELLMEN, E. & SVENSSON, S. 1995. Progression of canine mammary tumors as reflected by dna ploydy in primary tumours and their metastases. J. Com Pathol 113 (4): 327-342.
HERMO, G., GARCÍA, M., TORRES, P. & GOBELLO, C. 2005. Tumores de mama en la perra. Ciencias Veterinarias 4 (1): 1.
IM, K., KIM, N., LIM, H., KIM, H., SHIM, J. & SUR, J. 2014. Analysis of a New Histological and Molecular-Based Classification of Canine Mammary Neoplasia. Veterinary Pathology 51(3): 549-559.
KARAYANNOPOULOU, M., KALDRYMIDOU, E., CONSTANTINIDIS, T. C. & DESSIRIS, A. 2001. Adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy in bitches with mammary cancer. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 48(2): 85-96.
KLOPFLEISCH, R., LENZE, D., HUMMEL, M. & GRUBER, A. 2010. Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles. BioMedCentral Cancer 10 (618): 11pp. Disponible en http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2407-10-618.pdf, Accesado en 11/04/2014.
KRISTIANSEN, V., NODTVEDT, A., BREEN, A., LANGELAND, M., TEIGE, J., GOLDSCHMIDT, M., JONASDOTTIR, T., GROTMOL, T. & SORENMO, K. 2013. Effect of ovariohysterectomy at the time of tumor removal in dogs with benign mammary tumors and hyperplastic lesions: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J. Vet Intern Med 27 (4): 935-42.
LANGENBAHC, A. 2001. Sensitivity and specifity of methods of assessing the regional methods for evidence of metastasis in dogs and cats with solid tumors. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 218(9): 1424-1428.
LORENZOVÁ, J., CRHA, M., KECOVA, H., URBANOVÁ, L., STAVINOHOVÁ, R. & NEČAS, A. 2010. Patient survival periods and death causes following surgical treatment of mammary gland tumors depending on histological type of tumor: retrospective study of 221 cases. ACTA VET 79: 289-297.
LLEONART, M.E, MARTÍN-DUQUE, P., SÁNCHEZ-PRIETO, R., MORENO, A., RAMÓN, Y. & CAJAL S. 2000. Tumor heterogeneity: morphological, molecular and clinical implications. Histol histopathol 15: 881-898
MEUTEN, J. 2002. Tumors in domestic animals. ED., Iowa State Press. USA. 575pp.
MISDORP, W. 1991. Progestagens and mammary tumours in dog and cat. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 125(1): 27-31.
MORGAN, R. 1999. Clínica de pequeños animales. ED., Harcourt Brace. España. 618pp.
MORRIS, J. & DOBSON, J. 2001. Small animal oncology. ED., Blackwell science Ltd. University of Cambridge. Inglaterra. 165pp.
NOVASAD, A. C. 2003. Principles of treatment for mammary gland tumors. Clin. Tech in Small Anim. Pract. 18(2): 107-109.
NELSON, R. & COUTO, C. 2010. Medicina interna de pequeños animales. ED., ElSevier Mosby. España. 947pp.
NICOL, M., WILLIS, C. & YIANGOU, C. 2002. Relationship between serum prolactin levels and histology of benign and malignant breast lesions a detailed study of 153 consecutive cases. Breast J. 8(5): 281- 285.
NOVASAD, A. 2003. Principles of treatment for mammary gland tumors. Clinc Tech in Small Anim Pract 18(2): 107- 109.
OWEN, L. 1980. TNM. Classification of tumors in domestic animals. ED World Health Organization. Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Geneva. 53pp.
PAGE, R. 2001. Correlation of prognosis with histologic assessment for canine and feline mammary cancer. The North America Veterinary Conference 15: 370-372.
PÉREZ -ALENZA, M. D. 1998. Relation between habitual diet and canine mammary tumors in case-control study. J Vet Intern Med 12: 132-139.
PÉREZ ALENZA, M. D., PENA, L., DEL CASTILLO, N. & NIETO, A. I. 2000. Factors influencing the incidence and prognosis of canine mammary tumors. J. Small Anim. Pract. 41: 287-291.
QUEIROGA, F. L., PEREZ-ALENZA, M. D., SILVAN, G., PENA, L., LOPES, C. & ILLERA, J. C. 2005. Role of steroid hormones and prolactin in canine mammary cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 94 (1–3):181-187.
ROSTAMI, M., TATE, Y., UCHIDA, K., NAITOU, H., YAMAGUCHI, R. & OTSUKA, H. 1994. Tumors in domestic animals examined during a ten year period (1980-1989) at Miyazaki University. J. Vet. Med. 56: 403 - 405.
SALGADO, B., MONTEIRO, L., CLODEL, M., FIGUEIROA, F., SOAREAS, L., NONOGAKI, D., ROCHA, R. & ROCHA, N. 2013. Clinical, cytologic, and histologic features of a mammary micropapillary carcinoma in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol. 42 (3): 382-385.
SÁNCHEZ, F. 2005. Incidencia, clasificación y terapéutica de los tumores mamarios en caninos. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Tesis. Colombia, 22pp.
SARTIN E. A. 1992. Estrogen and progesterone receptor status of mammary carcinomas and correlation with clinical outcome in dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53(1): 2196-2200.
SHAFIEE, R., JAVANBAKHT, J., ATYABI, N., KHERADMAND, P., KHERADMAND, D., BAHRAMI, A., DARAEI, H. & KHADIVAR, F. 2013. Diagnosis, classification and grading of canine mammary tumours as a model to study human breast cancer: a Clinico- Cytohistopathological study with environmental factors influencing public health and medicine. Cancer Cell Int. 13(1): 79.
SORENMO K. 2003. Canine mammary gland tumors. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small. Anim. Pract. 33(3): 573-596.
SORENMO, K. 2011. Canine mammary tumors: treatment, prognostic factors and outcome. In: Proceedings of the 36th
World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA. Korea. Disponible en http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/wsava/2011/188.pdf. Accesado en 13/04/2014.
SORENMO, K., SHOFER, F. & GOLDSCHMIDT, M. 2000. Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival in dogs with malignant mammary epithelial tumors. J. Vet. Int. Med. 14: 266-270.
TANAKA, T., SHIMADA, T., AKIYOSHI, H., SHIMIZU, J., ZHENG, C., YIYUN, L., MIE, K., HAYASHI, A., KUWAMURA, M., HOSHI, F. & OHASHI, F. 2013. Relationship between major histocompatibility complex
class I expression and prognosis in canine mammary gland tumors. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 75(10): 1393-8.
TAVASOLY, A., GOLSHAHIL, H., REZAIE, A. & FARHABI, M. 2013. Classification and grading of canine malignant mammary tumors. Veterinary Research Forum 4(1): 25-30.
THRALL, D. 2009. Tratado de diagnóstico radiológico veterinario. ED., Inter – Médica. Argentina. 864pp.
TIZARD, I. 1996. Inmunología veterinaria. ED., McGraw Hill Interamericana. México. 355pp.
TONITI, W., BURANASINSUP, S., KONGCHAROEN, A., CHAROONRUT, P., PUCHADAPIROM, P. & KASORNDORKBUA, C. 2009. Immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors in canine mammary tumors. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 10(5): 907-911.
TORRES, G. & ESLAVA, P. R. 2007. Tumores mamarios en caninos: Adenocarcinoma complejo de glándula mamaria con metástasis a ganglio linfático regional. Orinoquia 11(1): 99-110. Disponible en http://www.redalyc. org/articulo.oa?id=89611111. Accesado en 15/04/2014.
TRIGO, F. 1998. Patología sistemática veterinaria. ED., McGraw Hill Interamericana. México. 355pp.
WALDRON, D.R. 2001. Diagnosis and surgical management of mammary neoplasia in dogs and cats. Vet. Med. 96: 943-948.
WELCH, T. 1997. Small animal surgery. ED., Mosby–Year Book Inc. USA. 583pp.
ZILLER, H. 2004. Clasificación histopatológica de tumores mamarios caninos extraídos en clínicas veterinarias de la ciudad de Santiago, Chile. Universidad Austral de Chile. Tesis. Chile. 65 pp.
Disponible en http://cybertesis.uach.cl/tesis/uach/2004/fvz.69c/doc/fvz.69c.pdf. Accesado en 06/03/2014.
ZACHARY F. & MCGAVIN D. 2012. Pathologic basis of Veterinary Disease., ED, Elsevier, USA. 196pp.
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2014-07-22
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SÁNCHEZ CUERVO, F. R., & GUARÍN PATARROYO, C. E. (2014). MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS IN DOGS. Conexión Agropecuaria JDC, 4(2), 58–76. Retrieved from https://jdc-ojs.vobomkt.com/index.php/conexagro/article/view/209
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Ciencias Veterinarias
